Atkins diet blood pressure
Between-group differences in patterns of nutrient intake were largest at 2 months. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. 7-kg difference for 12-month weight change between groups. The primary study objective was to examine the effects of diets and gradations of carbohydrate intake on weight loss and related metabolic variables in overweight and obese premenopausal women. Statistical testing of changes from baseline to 2 months and to 6 months using pairwise comparisons are presented for descriptive purposes. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Five, version 2. 05. The primary objective was to test whether any of the 4 diets, representing a spectrum of carbohydrate intake, was more effective than any other in 12-month weight loss. At the 2- and 6-month intermediate time points, the weight change for the Atkins group was significantly greater than for all other groups ( P P. National dietary weight loss guidelines (ie, energy-restricted, low in fat, high in carbohydrate) 7 have been challenged, particularly by proponents of low-carbohydrate diets. 31, 32 The primary analysis was conducted applying intention-to-treat methods with baseline values carried forward for missing values. After 2 months of maximum effort, participants selected their own. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Additional recommendations given for physical activity, nutritional supplements, and behavioral strategies were consistent with those presented in each diet book. Weight loss at 12 months was the primary outcome. Based on previous trials, we projected a 6. 1 More than 1000 diet books are now available, 2 with many popular ones departing substantially from. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. The Tukey studentized range test was used to adjust for multiple testing. , J. Factors in an Analysis in Which Baseline Values Were Carried Forward in the. Assuming no change from baseline for participants who discontinued the. We encouraged all participants to take a nonprescription. Each diet group attended 1-hour classes led by a registered dietitian once per week for 8 weeks and covered approximately one eighth of their respective books per class. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). The scarcity of data addressing the health effects of popular diets. The reverse pattern, higher to lower intakes, was statistically significant for protein, fat, and saturated fat at all time points. Each popular diet modestly reduced body weight and several cardiac risk. NIH policy and guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities. Attendance was not different by diet group ( P. All participants provided written informed consent, and the local institutional. Although some popular diets are based on long-standing medical advice. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. A single team composed of a dietitian and physician (M. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. Clinic and laboratory staff members were blinded to treatment assignment. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Because not all individuals were available to meet for diet group classes. The selected minimal clinically significant between-group difference in weight change was 2. 06. 10, 11. Figure 3. Scores of All 4 Diet Groups, According to Study Month View Large Download Possible range of self-rated adherence level was from 1 (none) to 10. ). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the Evidence Report: National Institutes of Health. Between-group differences in dietary intake at each time point were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Participant enrollment began in February 2003, and the study ended in October 2005. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. 1 kg on a calibrated clinical scale. There were no substantive differences in any of these findings compared with the analyses with baseline values carried forward and, therefore, only the primary analyses are presented. Dietary intake data were collected by telephone-administered, 3-day, unannounced, 24-hour dietary recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research software, versions 4. 0. A total of 160 participants were randomly assigned to either Atkins. We assessed outcome measures at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 months. This same pattern was observed for fiber intake. Study nurses and laboratory personnel who assessed outcomes were blinded to. Baseline values were carried forward in cases of missing data. Also for exploratory purposes, all analyses of weight and secondary outcome measures were tested using only available data, without using baseline values carried forward for missing data or other imputation methods. Improvement in medical risk factors and quality of life in women and. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using a standard wall-mounted stadiometer. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. 20. Study Flow Diagram of Participants View Large Download BMI indicates body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided. One-Year Changes in Body Weight. A. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction A Randomized Trial. 5. For statistically significant ANOVAs, all pairwise comparisons among the 4 diets were tested using the Tukey studentized range adjustment. We administered dietary advice to small groups rather than individually. The LEARN program is intended to be a 16-week program and, therefore, the 8 weeks of guidance through this book reflected an accelerated time frame, which was necessary to match the time frame given for the other 3 diet groups. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Potential benefits and risks have not been tested adequately. 7 kg (6 lb, approximately 3% for a 180-lb individual). 3-kg SD of weight change. At subsequent time points the diets were statistically different in carbohydrate content, progressing from low to high across the Atkins, Zone, LEARN, and Ornish groups. The Ornish group aimed for a vegetarian diet containing 10% of calories. Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish) for weight loss and cardiac risk factor. All data were collected at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 months. Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish plans, aiming to determine their.
Differences among diets for 12-month changes from baseline were tested by ANOVA. L. Participants were enrolled in 4 cohorts, with the first cohort starting in February 2003 and the last cohort starting in September 2004. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. In an effort to isolate the effects of the dietary component of each. Range of standard deviation for all 4 diet groups was from 1. Study personnel were blinded to dietary assignments (revealed by the. One-year changes in baseline weight and cardiac risk factors, and self-selected. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Overview of the Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) intervention for promoting physical activity in primary health care settings. Relative to baseline, there was a modest and significant mean increase ( P. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. The primary emphasis for the Ornish group was no more than 10% of energy from fat. Using these scales facilitated comparisons between the 2 dietary adherence. The recalls occurred on 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day per time point, on nonconsecutive days whenever possible. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program. 34, and 5. 9 to 3. A single-center randomized trial at an academic medical center in Boston. G. We used 2 techniques to measure dietary adherence. 35 (Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). 05. The LEARN group was instructed to follow a prudent diet that included 55% to 60% energy from carbohydrate and less than 10% energy from saturated fat, caloric restriction, increased exercise, and behavior modification strategies. Participant Flow Through the Trial View Large Download Figure 2. Energy expenditure was assessed using the well-established Stanford 7-day physical activity recall. A range of behavior modification techniques were discussed during the 2-month classes. 8, 9 However, limited evidence has been available to effectively evaluate other diets. The Ornish and Zone books suggest some stimulus-control strategies but on the whole do not emphasize behavior modification, whereas both the Atkins and LEARN books suggest multiple strategies, such as relapse preparation and planning strategies and goal setting. The Atkins diet group aimed for less than 20 g of carbohydrate daily. Participants were recruited from the local community, primarily through media advertisements. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. Weight Change Relative to Baseline View Large Download Baseline values were carried forward for any missing values. Randomization was conducted in blocks of 24 (6 per treatment group) and occurred by having a blinded research technician select folded pieces of paper with group assignments from an opaque envelope. Thus, with 4 treatment groups and a projected 75 participants per group, the study was designed to have 80% power to detect a 2. The ongoing obesity epidemic, 1 along with its health costs and consequences 2 and the health benefits of weight loss, 3 -. We conducted a 1-year randomized trial of the dietary component of the. Each group received specific target goals according to the emphasis of the assigned diet. Overall, the LEARN manual has the greatest emphasis on behavior modification strategies. Weight loss was greater for women in the Atkins diet group compared with the other diet groups at 12 months, and mean 12-month weight loss was significantly different between the Atkins and Zone diets ( P Conclusions. 8, 9, 18, 19 The guidelines for the Zone and LEARN diets incorporated specific goals for energy restriction, while for the Atkins and Ornish diets, there were no specific energy restriction goals. There were no significant group differences at baseline in percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, or protein or in grams of saturated fat or fiber, except for a borderline significant difference in percentage of energy from fat between Atkins and LEARN ( P. Premenopausal women aged 25 to 50 years were invited to enroll if their body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 27 to 40, body weight was stable over the previous 2 months, and medications were stable for at least 3 months. Local foods not found in the comprehensive database were added to the database manually. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour or longer fast. Author Affiliations: Stanford Prevention Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, Calif. We included adults of any age who were overweight or obese with body mass. To assess adherence rates and the effectiveness of 4 popular diets (Atkins. Several recent trials compared low-carbohydrate vs traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Of note, this study only evaluated the dietary components. Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. 33, 4. Popular diets, particularly those low in carbohydrates, have challenged current recommendations advising a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for weight loss. Diabetes, and Metabolism (Drs Dansinger and Schaefer), and Institute for Clinical. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets. The curves in the weight change by dietary adherence plot indicate the quadratic. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite c ompensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Once each of the 4 class rosters contained approximately. Participants were enrolled starting July 18, 2000, and randomized to 4 popular. Research and Health Policy Studies (Drs Griffith and Selker), Tufts-New England. We recruited study candidates from the Greater Boston area using newspaper. Whole-body fat oxidation rate and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. We also asked participants to report medication changes, hospitalizations. 12 -. Data collectors were trained and certified by the Nutrition Coordinating Center. The study was approved annually by the Stanford University Human Subjects Committee. While questions remain about long-term effects and mechanisms, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet may be considered a feasible alternative recommendation for weight loss. In this study, premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight and experienced more favorable overall metabolic effects at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets. To compare 4 weight-loss diets representing a spectrum of low to high carbohydrate intake for effects on weight loss and related metabolic variables. At 12 months, the patterns of nutrient differences between groups were still present, but the magnitude of differences was diminished. Outcomes were assessed at months 0, 2, 6, and 12. Total energy expenditure was slightly higher for the Ornish group vs the other 3 groups at baseline but was not significantly different among groups at any subsequent time point ( Table 1 ). Overall dietary adherence rates were low, although increased. Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, C-Reactive Protein, and Insulin as a Function. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. Popular diets have become increasingly prevalent and controversial. D. However, relative to baseline, there was a significant mean decrease in reported energy intake at all postrandomization time points ( P. 3, First DataBank Inc, San Bruno, Calif), we calculated the. All statistical tests were 2-tailed using a significance level of. For exploratory purposes, ancillary analyses were conducted to determine the effect of diet group assignment on secondary outcomes at 12 months after adjusting for changes in weight loss using linear regression.
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